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In this hands-on activity, participants will experience the "tug-of-war" between gravity and other forces, namely: buoyant force, friction force, magnetic force and normal force. They will test how different types of materials float, and use an inclined plane to investigate how the smoothness of surfaces and their inclination affect the speed of a falling object. Participants will also experience how magnets may prevent metal objects from falling and how different structures can keep the object in a specific position.NOTE: This activity was developed within the AMACA (Astronomy education with a Multisensory, Accessible, and Circular Approach) project supported by OAE Center Italy. AMACA is aimed at creating multisensory, hands-on resources for schools and public engagement events. For more information about the project: read this link
Material needed for the activity (see activity for preparation)
Discovering physical processes through hands-on activities, developing teamwork skills and the ability to express ideas.
Gravity is the force that causes all massive objects in the universe to attract each other. Light has no mass, but it still experiences the effects of gravity, which can curve its trajectory. This force explains why planets orbit stars and also why objects fall here on Earth. As Isaac Newton discovered, the force attracting Earth to the Sun is the same force pulling an apple toward the ground, and that force is gravity. However, some other forces can counteract the action of gravity by acting in the opposite direction. For example, the buoyant force comes into play whenever a body is immersed in a fluid (not just in water, but also in air!). This force opposes gravity, and its intensity is determined by the weight of the volume of fluid displaced by the body. The crucial aspect is density: if the density of the body is greater than that of the fluid, gravity is more intense than the buoyant force, and the body sinks. In the opposite case, the buoyant force is more intense, and the body floats. For a sketch, see Figure 1.
Figure 1: Sketch of the buoyant force acting on a cube in water.
Friction is a force that arises between bodies in contact. One of the aspects it depends on are the materials the bodies are made of. Smooth materials generate less friction, while rough materials generate more friction. The shape of the bodies also plays a role: friction behaves differently on square-edged bodies (sliding friction) and rounded ones (rolling friction). Objects in free fall are also affected by air resistance, which generates friction upon contact with the air. In this experiment, we are dealing with friction between solids. The friction between a body and a surface is also proportional to the mass of the body and, in the case of an inclined plane, it decreases as the inclination of the plane increases. Key parameters for this force: mass of the body, materials, inclination of the plane. For a sketch, see Figure 2.
Figure 2: Sketch of friction acting on a cube on an inclined plane.
The magnetic force acts on materials with magnetic properties, such as iron, cobalt, nickel, etc., and also on some alloys of magnesium, chromium, and uranium. Objects made of such materials are attracted to sources of magnetic forces. However, in the case of magnets, the situation is more complex. Magnets have two poles: opposite poles attract each other, while like poles repel. Unlike the other forces we have seen, the magnetic force also acts at a distance, but its strength decreases as the distance increases. Key parameters for this force: materials, distance. For a sketch, see Figure 3.
Figure 3: Sketch of the magnetic force acting between two magnets. Credits: Vecteezy
The normal force arises whenever a body tries to resist deformation. The body resists until the force causing the deformation exceeds its breaking point. When an object is placed on a surface, it tends to fall due to gravity and, therefore, it deforms the surface. Hence, the surface develops a reaction force that opposes gravity as long as it is strong enough. However, if the weight of the body exceeds the breaking point of the surface, it will break. In some cases, it is possible to enhance the resistance of a surface by modifying its geometry: folding a sheet upon itself is a simple way to make it more resistant. Key parameters for this force: breaking point and surface geometry. For a sketch, see Figure 4.
Figure 4: Sketch of the normal force acting on a surface lying on two supports.
During this activity, participants will experience the contrast between gravity and other forces. The activity consists of four 'stages,' and in each of them, gravity will "compete" with one of the following forces:
At the end of the guided activity, students can be asked to experience forces on their own on a Tinkering table.
Preparation of "metallic cubes": half of the wooden cubes are prepared with 12 nails (2 nails for each face of the cube), covered with copper wire, and then with an aluminum layer. These are the the 'metallic' cubes referred to in the text. (See Figure 5)
Figure 5: preparation of the metallic cube
Buoyant force stage: put the boxes on the table, far enough from the edges and from each other. Then put water into each box up to 4 cm from the top of the box.
Figure 6: material prepared for stage 1 - Buoyant force
Friction stage: place the inclined plane on the table and secure it with something stable (rocks work well; alternatively, try to keep the plane steady with your hands). Initially, the plane should have a low inclination (Figure 7).
Figure 7: Set-up of the inclined plane used for Stage 2 - Friction force.
Magnetic force stage: remove the lids from the shoeboxes and place the boxes on the table, using the smaller face as the base. Then, fix the magnets to the inner side of the upper face using glue (Figure 8).
Figure 8 : Set-up of the box with magnets used for the Stage 3 - Magnetic force.
Normal force stage: place two shoeboxes (with lids) on the table, using the larger faces as the base. Keep some sheets of paper within reach as well.
Figure 9 : Material needed for the Stage 4- Normal foce
Figure 10 : Set-up for Stage 4 - Normal force.
Every participant receives from the teacher one wooden and one "metal cube". The teacher explains the activity, telling the participants that there is a "tug-of-war" between gravity and other forces, and that they will discover in which cases gravity wins and in which cases other forces win.
The teacher briefly introduces the buoyant force and asks the participants to put the wooden and metal cubes in water (Figure 11) to demonstrate how the force acts on different materials.
Figure 11 : Buoyant force in action
The teacher can ask the students to observe the phenomenon and reflect on what they see:
The teacher briefly introduces friction, and then asks the participants to try dropping both their cubes along the inclined plane, using only the unpainted part (Figure 12). The metal and wooden cubes fall at different speeds because friction depends on the materials.
Figure 12 : Friction in action: two cubes falling down the unpainted part of the inclined plane.
Reflect on what you observe:
Now let’s make friction weaker by increasing the inclination of the plane, until the cubes start falling. Now gravity wins. However, cubes fall slowly: the teacher asks the participants to check if this fall is slower than the free fall (it is). The teacher can also ask the students to observe what cube falls more quickly (the metal one) and highlight that friction depends on the materials involved.
The teacher can also ask participants to place their wooden (or metal, as long as they are of the same material) cubes on the two different parts of the plane (Figure 13): one cube on the painted part and one on the unpainted part, at the same height, and let them fall. Even though the cubes have the same weight, the one falling along the painted part of the plane is slower because the paint increases the friction on the plane.
Figure 13 : Friction in action: one cube falls down the unpainted part of the inclined plane, while the other one on the painted part.
The teacher briefly introduces the magnetic force, then asks the participants to place the cubes against the inner side of the upper face of the box (where the magnets are glued) and to let them fall (Figure 14). We can observe that the magnetic force only acts on metals.
Figure 14 : Magnetic force in action.
The teacher briefly introduces the normal force, then places the lid of one of the boxes as a bridge between them and asks the participants to put the cubes on top (Figure 8).
Figure 15 : Normal force in action using the show box lead.
The cubes do not fall. Afterward, the lid is replaced with a sheet of paper. The cubes fall (Figure 9).
Figure 16 : Normal force in action using a sheet of paper.
At this point, participants can be asked how to make the paper more resistant. They may discover that folding the paper can make the sheet strong enough to prevent the cubes from falling (Figure 10).
Figure 17 : Normal force in action using a folded sheet of paper.
As an evaluation, you can propose a "tinkering table", a table where students will find all the materials they used in the experiments of this activity. All participants gather at the tinkering table, where they can have fun and experiment with the cubes, paper, magnets, and all the available objects, applying what they have learned. You can evaluate the ability of participants to reproduce what they learned through the materials available.
Their ability to describe the effects of the various forces through a group discussion and/or a written test can also be evaluated.
Science, physics, maths.
Archimedes principle
Friction
Magnet
Normal force
