Star in a Box: Advanced

Star in a Box app is available from the Las Cumbres Observatory website.

Advanced Level

• Open the lid of your ‘Star in a Box’.
• The graph is a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where a star’s luminosity is plotted against its temperature.
• The information panels allow you to compare the Sun with your star. It compares the relative radius, surface temperature, brightness (luminosity) and mass of the star to the Sun.

A. The Sun’s Evolution during its lifetime.

Click the play button below the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram to show the Sun’s evolution.

• Name the three stages of the Sun’s life shown on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.
  
• Use the table below to describe the changes the Sun will go through between stages.
  Label ‘Increase’, ‘Decrease’ or ‘Stay the same’ for each of the quantities in the table along with the values they change from and to.

	Radius	Luminosity	Temperature	Mass
Stage 1 to Stage 2	. . . Increase From: . . . R sun To: . . . R sun	. . . Increase From: . . . L sun To: . . . L sun	. . . Increase From: . . . K To: . . . K	. . . Increase From: . . . M sun To: . . . M sun
Stage 2 to Stage 3	. . . Increase From: . . . R sun To: . . . R sun	. . . Increase From: . . . L sun To: . . . L sun	. . . Increase From: . . . K To: . . . K	. . . Increase From: . . . M sun To: . . . M sun

• Look at the light bulb tab:
  At which stage in its life cycle will the Sun be at its brightest?
  How old will the Sun be at this point? Myr
  
• Look at the thermometer tab:
  At which stage in its lifecycle will the Sun be at its hottest?
  What is its maximum temperature? K
  
• Look at the pie chart tab:
  In which stage of its life will the Sun spend most of its time?
  How long will it spend in this stage? Myr
  
• Look at the mass tab:
  What happens to the mass of the Sun as it gets older?
  What type of star will the Sun be at the end of its life?
  What is the total lifetime of the Sun?

Using the ‘Star Properties’ banner, explore the evolution of stars with different starting masses.

• Select a different starting mass for your star in the ‘Star Properties’ banner.
• Using the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram tab, click play to watch your new stars evolution.
• Try out a few different masses then answer the following questions.
  

Using the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram:

• Where on the main sequence do the lower mass stars start?
• Where on the main sequence do the higher mass stars start?

There are three possible outcomes for the final stage of a stars life depending on its initial mass. Name these 3 possible final stages.

Follow the evolution of five stars of different masses.

Complete the table below, filling in a row for each of the different masses. Hint: You may find it easier to use the data table on the ‘Star in a Box’ to find the exact values.

Mass of Star (M sun )	Maximum Luminosity (L sun )	Maximum Temperature (K)	Name of Final Stage	Total Lifespan (Myr)
0.2
1
6
20
40

Study the data for the different stars in your table above.

• Comparing the temperatures:
  Which mass star reaches the highest temperature?
  At what stage in its life does the star reach this temperature?
  
• Comparing the luminosities:
  

Multiple choice questions Choose the correct answer.

• What type of star will the Sun become after it leaves the Main Sequence?
  Neutron Star | Red Dwarf | Red Giant | Red Supergiant
  
• What main factor determines the stages a star will follow after the main sequence?
  Mass | Luminosity | Temperature | Radius
  
• The mass of the star Betelgeuse is much greater than the mass of the Sun; therefore, its total lifetime will be:
  Greater than the Sun | The same as the Sun | Less than the Sun
  
• Compared to when it joins the Main Sequence, a star’s mass at the end of its life will:
  Be greater | Be the same | Be less | Depend on the type of star
  
• The Sun will spend most of its life in what stage?
  Main Sequence | Red Giant | Red Dwarf | White Dwarf

Answers are available to download and in the attachments section.